Do you ever get stumped on how to address someone? Either in person or in correspondence? I do! So I did a little research to make sure that I am always respectful in my interactions (and can teach my children properly, too).
When I started DoSayGive, I intentionally did not want to call it an “etiquette” blog. For some reason, most etiquette blogs come across as snooty and don’t really provide a reason for doing things properly. I believe etiquette is important, but not for the sake of distinguishing your social status. Instead, I see it as a method to show respect and consideration toward others.
But the thing about etiquette is that it is always evolving. Yes, we can hold tight to the tradition in which we were raised and insist that it is the only way to do things. But history shows us that social patterns are always changing and thus etiquette is too.
For example, there was a time when the only women who were referred to as “Mrs.” were ones with a higher social status. You did not refer to a maid in England or America as Mrs. Smith. She was just Jane. (Unless it was a head housekeeper like Mrs. Hughes in Downton Abbey!).
Interestingly, in the 18th century, “Mrs.” was sometimes used for unmarried women who were businesswomen (a rare feat in that time!).¹ And funny that “Miss” didn’t become a proper way to address adult unmarried women until the mid-18th century. Before that the only adult women referred to as “Miss” were prostitutes.² Yikes!
And then came the feminists in the 20th century who pushed the word “Ms.” (pronounced “Mizz”) into the English language and everything changed again. Now my grandmother, who was a Southern matriarch if there ever was one, would not let that word leave her lips. It was either “Miss” or “Mrs.” for her. But I lived in the Northern part of the U.S. for a time and I can say that most 35-year-old single women working in the city would have been offended at being referred to as “Miss”! Since etiquette is all about consideration and respect, it’s best to respect people’s preferences.
So what do the etiquette experts tell us? Well these days, most will tell you that “Ms.” is now the most acceptable way to address a woman over the age of 18, especially if you don’t know their marital status.³ Now, I will say, in the South it is still proper to refer to an unmarried woman as “Miss”. My daughters refer to unmarried teachers at school as “Miss Smith” and “Miss Jackson”. But again, it’s about being respectful, so it’s best to find out what the person prefers so as not to offend.
Here is a summary of proper etiquette of the most commonly used titles:
Miss, Ms., or Mrs.
Miss – Some still use it for any unmarried woman (I do!). But Emily Post says that it okay, but mainly it is for girls 18 years old and younger.
Mrs. – For married and widowed females. Also acceptable for divorced but seek preference.
Ms. – Can be used for any woman over the age of 18. So when in doubt, you can always use this. Most divorced women prefer this. If a woman is married and keeps her maiden name, refer to her as Ms.
Note: If you are unsure what to use, you can always ask.
Writing a Woman’s Full Name – Do You Still Use Her Husband’s Name?
I was raised to write a married woman’s name as: Mrs. John Smith. It is still technically acceptable although so is Mrs. Jane Smith. When I am addressing an invitation, I will usually use the traditional method. But when I am just writing a thank you note I will write the latter.
Example: Mrs. John Smith or Mrs. Susan Smith.
Writing a Couple’s Name Informally
Again, I was always taught that the woman’s name goes first. As in, Jane and John Smith. I looked this up and this is technically still correct. But, no surprise here, so is the opposite.³
Example: Susan and John Smith or John and Susan Smith.
Writing a Couple’s Name Formally
Example: Mr. and Mrs. John Smith
Thankfully this is an easy one. But if you are addressing a letter to an unmarried couple or a couple in which the wife kept her maiden name, it no longer matters who comes first.
Kept name:
Ms. Susan Smith and Mr. John Dunn
Mr. John Dunn, Ms. Susan Smith, and Family
Unmarried:
Ms. Susan Smith
Mr. John Dunn
BUT…there is an exception to this rule. If one person outranks the other in title (Rev., Dr. Hon., Gen.) then that person should be first.
Example: Dr. Susan Smith and Mr. John Smith.
Mr. and Master
For men 18 and over, use “Mr.” For boys under the age of 18, no title is needed.
Example: Mr. John Smith
According to Amy Vanderbilt’s The Book of Etiquette, in certain geographic regions, “Master” is used for for boy under the age of 8 and only in formal invitations.
Example: Master John Smith
(This is funny, but when we first moved to Dallas I think I wrote “Master” to address little boys we invited to my daughter’s birthday party. That seems kind of ridiculous now, but again, it was just how I saw my mom do it!)
I think it is wise to always keep an etiquette book on hand to answer any last minute social questions (because you really can’t find everything online!). Again, not to be proper just for the sake of being proper, but to be gracious and lovely toward others. So you can always put people at ease — whether you are invited to their occasion or you are inviting them to yours.
I tend to like the more traditional books (older Emily Post or Amy Vanderbilt) but the ones below are all good. The Crane’s book is great if you are planing a wedding (out of print, but you can find it used). It is always good to have a children’s book on manners, too. Any encouragement helps, right?!
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I would love your comments on this! Are there any questions you have?
(And side note, my grandmother would tell me not to use the word “woman”; that it wasn’t respectful or feminine. But it just seems strange to write this entire post using the word “lady”!).
(Please note: I quote Emily Post even though I understand it is not the Emily Post of years past. Even though it leans more modern in its view of etiquette, the “Emily Post Institute”, as it is now called, is considered the leading voice in the etiquette world, so I feel it necessary to use it as a source. Although I do reference the more traditional Miss Manners and Amy Vanderbilt.)
¹New York Times Magazine October 20, 2009. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/25/magazine/25FOB-onlanguage-t.html?_r=0
²Buxton, Alexander. “When Mistress Meant Mrs. and Miss Meant Prostitute.” The New Republic. September 12, 2014.
³Emily Post Institute.
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Lee
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Turn on your JavaScript to view contentMr., Mrs., Ms., and Miss are abbreviations of formal titles you place before the proper name of a person to show them respect. Abbreviations are shortened forms of words or phrases that are more recognizable and accepted in their redacted form compared to their original spelling.
The full forms of Mr., Mrs., Ms., and Miss are mister, missus, no full form for Ms., and miss, respectively. While mister indicates a male, whether married or unmarried, missus is for married women. Miss refers to an unmarried woman, usually younger, and Ms. is a neutral title for women regardless of their marital status, be it married or unmarried.
It is important to know these differences in order to provide the correct title to the person you are addressing. To do so shows them respect within the English language.
This article defines each of the above terms in more detail, provides their usage in examples, and offers explanations to common questions surrounding their use. Read on to understand their uses so you can apply them to your own materials.
Mr. is a title used before a surname or full name of a male, whether he is married or not. Mr. is an abbreviation for Mister, it is pronounced like the word Mister. The abbreviation Mr. has been in use since the fifteenth century, it is a variant of the word master. Master is still occasionally used as a title for a boy, there is no abbreviation.
Mrs. is a title used before a surname or full name of a married female. Mrs. is an abbreviation for the word Missus, it is pronounced like the word Missus. The abbreviation Mrs. has been in use since the sixteenth century, it is a variant of the word mistress.
Ms. is a title used before a surname or full name of a female whether she is married or not. Ms. has been in use since the 1950s, it is a portmanteau of the words Miss and Missus. The title of Ms. was popularized by Ms. magazine in the 1970s.
Miss is a title used before a surname or full name of an unmarried female. Miss is an abbreviation for mistress. Note that each of these common titles is capitalized.
Despite the above information concerning the use of these titles, there are plenty of questions and misconceptions beyond their official definitions. We are addressing some of those below, so you are comfortable with the official forms of use in writing.
Since Ms. and Mrs. can be used as interchangeable terms, you might wonder what the proper etiquette rule is based on marital status. Mrs. is the incorrect title for a single woman, but Ms. can be used as an official title for married and unmarried women. So, how do you know which is the preferred title?
The answer is to ask what personal preference a woman would like used. Ms. is often used as a more formal form of address in a professional setting or as a professional title to help distinguish a woman from her husband. Since it can also be a more respectful use for a mature, single woman, it is best to ask to avoid any disrespect. If asking is not possible, Ms. is generally accepted as a neutral term and is, in fact, more popular to use due to this.
Popularity of Ms. vs. Mrs.If Mrs. is an abbreviation of missus, then where does the “r” come from? Remember, missus is a variation of mistress, and so Mrs. represents the original formal title form.
When addressing envelopes for wedding invitations, or similar formal events, you want to make sure you use what you have learned about the differences between Ms., Mrs., and Miss. When addressing a married couple, you will use both the respective titles of Mr. and Mrs. followed by the surname. If only inviting the woman, use Mrs., and if unsure of marital status, default to the form Ms.
When inviting an unmarried couple, use the man’s name first following Mr., followed by the woman’s name with Ms.: for example, Mr. John Smith and Ms. Holly Doe.
For young women under 18, include Miss. before their name.
You may sometimes see these terms used without a period and wonder which is correct. American English uses a period, while British English does not. If you see the use without periods, you are most likely reading a British publication. Depending on where you live, you want to adapt the use to what is appropriate and not mix the two uses.
Three components of Mr. Trump’s platform and statements seem to be underlying such a view: a big surge of spending on infrastructure, corporate tax cuts, and (financial and business) de-regulation. (The Huffington Post)
Mrs. Brown’s Boys has picked up three National Television Awards, TV Choice Awards, three Scottish BAFTAs, four IFTA awards, a TV Times Award, Royal Television Society Winner and a TV BAFTA for Best Situation Comedy to being a ratings smash across the globe. (The Manchester Evening News)
Ms. Clinton is a Methodist girl raised up in her church. (The Washington Post)
But that is exactly what we have with Tim Burton and MISS PEREGRINE’S HOME FOR PECULIAR CHILDREN, a gloriously goth, visually imaginative and engaging film yet with a caring, sweet edge that finds Tim Burton once again at the top of his game and almost assuredly, at the top of the box office. (The Culver City Observer)
Overall these aren’t confusing rules to follow, and this article should serve as an official guide for you to refer to when looking for the respective titles of both married and single men and women, as well as young adults and children. Just be sure to use the proper American English forms with periods rather than sans period as the British do unless you are specifically writing for a British publication.
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